Man and Masculinity - 1029 Words

Encarta dictionary defines masculinity as â€Å"those qualities conventionally supposed to make a man an excellent specimen†; but what exactly are those qualities? Many would say that physical strength, ability to compete in sports, or even the ability to hold liquor are all parts of masculinity. In ancient Greece, they called this quality andreia, literally meaning â€Å"manliness†. In truth, masculinity is a much deeper trait that can be viewed differently by a variety of people. Realistically, masculinity cannot be defined universally. A man who is considered masculine in France would most definitely not be considered masculine in the Middle East, simply because the cultures in those areas of the world are vastly different in their beliefs and†¦show more content†¦The other quality of a true masculine man, and the most important thing in any human’s life is honor. Honor is the conviction that a man has and the power it takes him to live for that convi ction. It is his belief and the action for that belief, no matter what it is. Famous men throughout history have proven their worth based on courage and honor: St. Patrick, who put his whole life and reputation on the line to educate the Irish into the way of living that he had a conviction for; Christopher Columbus, who journeyed into the most dangerous and unknown place of all to bring honor to his country; Abraham Lincoln, the man who stood up for what he believed in, stuck to his convictions, and cleansed our nation of a great injustice. These men knew the true meaning of andreia and that is why we remembered them today. There is a large misconception that a boy becomes a man when he first engages in sex with a female. Along with that goes the belief that the more partners a man has in bed, the more of a man he is. Having many sexual partners does not show true masculinity, nor does the first sexual act of a male make him a man. Any man who believes himself to be a man because o f these things, is guilty of pseudoandreia-false manliness. Not only do these ideas not apply to masculinity, but they break the rule of honor, which is so vital to the true being of a man. A real, masculine man understandsShow MoreRelatedMasculinity As A Man s Man2606 Words   |  11 Pagesfathers, because of the way that they tried to fit the picture of masculinity† (Steinem). This particular idea of masculinity is a much more modern interpretation that has changed drastically over the centuries. Masculinity used to be defined as a male who was a man’s man that exemplified President Theodore Roosevelt’s idea of pulling one’s self up by the bootstraps. Over the years, especially in literature, the evolution of masculinity can be directly traced through careful and considerate evaluationRead MoreMasculinity And The Ideal Man969 Words   |  4 PagesMasculinity and â€Å"the ideal man† are themes and ideas that have been explored in stories for cen turies. From ancient Greek epics to modern television programs, the theme of what it means to be a man has been developed repeatedly, with some of the core ideals remaining the same and others changing with modern societal perceptions. While the idea of activity over passivity persists as an accepted and ideal trait of masculinity, the ideal that men must be dominant over women to match the portrait ofRead MoreMasculinity, By William Faulkner And The Death Of A Man1191 Words   |  5 PagesMasculinity is a common theme in nearly all of Hemingway’s works. What makes Indian Camp unique is that it is about a young boy earning his masculinity, and all in one very eventful night. This story is about â€Å"becoming a man† so-to-speak, through enduring and overcoming two very difficult situations to view: the birth of a child and the death of a man. Barn Burning covers the same theme in a darker and more violent way. In William Faulkner’s story, Sarty’s father teaches him to become a man by teachingRead MoreMan s Conformity : Hegemonic Masculinity1427 Words   |  6 PagesMan’s Conformity to Hegemonic Masculinity The notion of hegemonic masculinity has altered the field of gender studies and many academic arenas. An idea popularized by R.W. Connell, hegemonic masculinity has played an integral role in the emotional development of American men, articulating the impact that this societal construction has had on the concept of American masculinity. It is a contested topic, yet the impacts that it has in terms of sexuality, struggles for power and political leadershipRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On A Man s Masculinity1265 Words   |  6 PagesThis study was aimed at finding out the effects of alcohol on a man’s masculinity and how drinking makes men feel in comparison to when they are sober. Existing literature from Addis and Mahalik, (2003); Good, Schopp, Thomson, Hathaway, Mazurek Sanford-Martens (2008); Dempster (2011) has suggested that the impacts of alcohol on masculinity and often results in men feeling pressure to keep drinking to keep their masculinity credit. This study used 4 males from St. Mary’s University, TwickenhamRead MoreJohn Tosh s A Man s Place : Masculinity And The Middle Class Home932 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Tosh’s ‘‘A Man s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England’’, published in 1999 is an important contribution to the study of gender history, particularly within the Victorian period. His study of the connection between masculinity and domesticity, an area very much overlooked, helps to provide a balanced view on the role of gender in Victorian England. There has been a lot of study into the female experience of the transition from the private sphere into the public sphereRead MoreHegemonic Masculinity : Masculinity And Masculinity1092 Words   |  5 Pagesfocuses on ‘I Love You, Man’, and discusses about homosocial relationship between two men and explores ‘hegemonic masculinity’ and ‘the field of masculinity’ depic ted in this film. ‘Hegemonic masculinity’, which is proposed by Connell (1987), is assumed to ‘the pattern of practice (i.e., things done, not just a set of role expectations or an identity) that allowed men’s dominance over women to continue.’ (Connell and Messerschmidt 2005, p.832) However, hegemonic masculinity has strong influence notRead MoreHegemonic Masculinity : Characters And Plot Of The Popular Sitcom Two And A Half Men1720 Words   |  7 Pagesthe production of hegemonic masculinity and subordinate masculinity in the show reinforce the idea of hegemonic masculinity as the only real form of manliness accepted by society’s standards of an â€Å"ideal man.† Effeminate masculinity, a subordinate form of masculinity, is not represented in the show in a positive light rather, it is mocked. The characters that play these roles are Charlie, who plays the hyper masculine role, and Alan, who plays the effeminate masculinity role. Alan ’s role is inferiorRead MoreHegemonic Masculinity : Masculinity And Masculinity926 Words   |  4 PagesMultiple Masculinities The certain qualities a man processes plays into how masculine he is rated to be. The way he portrays himself in his looks, actions and everyday life paints a bigger picture for the type of male he is. Connell argues that hegemonic masculinity is the ultimate goal that men strive for. Hegemonic masculinity is the idea of men being powerful, strong and dominant. Not many people actually live up to this theory, but nearly all men strive to achieve it. Marginalized masculinity andRead MoreHomophobia in Society1323 Words   |  6 PagesExplain and critique masculinity as homophobia. Homophobia: -noun irrational fear of, aversion to, hatred of, or discrimination against homosexuality or homosexuals. According to Merriam-Websters Medical Dictionary, that is the definition of homophobia. Interesting isnt it? to see homophobia on the same page as hepatitis, herpes, and HIV among others. Before this class I wouldnt have expected to find it there. I mean honestly

The Provision Of Public Health Services Essay - 1406 Words

Introduction The author was hired as the new Vice President of Quality and Safety for a full-service 600-bed government healthcare organization. Within the first month on the job, the national security threat level has been raised to Imminent, which means there is a credible, specific, and impending terrorist threat against the United States and the facility may be directly impacted. Upon this report, the Chief Executive Officer has requested an immediate six to eight (6-8) page report on a proposal for handling such a situation. The author has to be very knowledgeable, factual, accurate, and validated when presenting this proposal. The public health system takes into consideration â€Å"all public, private, and voluntary entities that contribute to the delivery of essential public services within a jurisdiction. Therefore this concept ensures that all entities’ contributions to the health and well-being of the community or state are recognized in assessing the provision of public health services†. Examine the existing procedures related to at least four (4) of the ten (10) essential health services. Focus on the principal effects that these procedures will have on your hospital during the emergency. The four existing procedures chosen from the ten essential health services that will be examine are: Firstly, Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems this aspect falls under the Assessment section of the essential public health services.Show MoreRelatedThe Provision Of Public Health Services Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesThe author was hired as the new Vice President of Quality and Safety for a full-service 600-bed government healthcare organization. Within the first month on the job, the national security threat level has been raised to Imminent, which means there is a credible, specific, an impending terrorist threat against the United States and the facility may be directly impacted. Upon this report, the Chief Executive Officer has requested an immediate six to eight (6-8) page report on a proposal for handlingRead MorePrioritizing Mental Health : Service Provision Within Arizona s Public Schools2886 Words   |  12 PagesMental Health: Service Provision in Arizona’s Public Schools The transition from childhood to adolescents introduces several challenges to youths’ socio-emotional, relational, and mental health. Ranging from poor self-esteem, to friendship and family friction, to depression and anxiety, all of these challenges constitute a significant need for psychosocial and emotional support. Failure to provide such support has been associated with physical and behavioral co-morbidities that affect health and wellbeingRead MoreThe United States Health Care Public Safety Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesBackground The United States health care public safety net system largely provides healthcare services to the uninsured and the under insured. However, this vulnerable population still cannot access adequate care and compared to the privately insured population, the uninsured receive less preventative and specialty health care services. The need for safety net providers to improve the delivery and access to care has led to increased funding through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care ActRead Morehsc care for children and young people1207 Words   |  5 PagesPeople. Q. Describe health and social care services provision for looked- after children and young people (Pass 3). Organisation of care provision. Care is provided for children and young people by the following agencies; -Central and local government. -The voluntary sector. -Private providers. -Provision for young offenders. Central government. There are a number of departments and services within central government as detail below. Department of health; This government departmentRead MoreBenefits Of The Canadian Healthcare System1424 Words   |  6 Pageshealthcare system is a public funded single payer system that offers universal coverage to every Canadian legal resident. The national health insurance program is network of provincial and territorial health insurance programs that all have common characteristics and offer basic standard of service. The insurance program is designed to offer coverage for the medically necessary hospital care, outpatient physician services, diagnostic, chronic and rehabilitative, and acute services. (Lassey,1997). TheRead MorePublic Health Services For Nhs England1445 Words   |  6 PagesRehabilition services are there for many people suffering from mental health issues, drug or alcohol abuse or even for servicemen and women who have been injured in the armed forces. Public health services commissioned not only by the CCGs but also by PHE whom also works closely with NHS England and the department of health to be provided. These services should aim to provide efficient healthcare to people living within UK. Primary care is what patients mainly look out for when they are in needRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act1609 Words   |  7 PagesIt has always been the job of health care providers to maintain doctor-patient confidentiality. Not only is it a legal obligation it is also an ethical obligation to many doctors, nurses, physician’s assistants and many other medical staff. Until recently medical records were primarily recorded on paper and stored in cabinets and locked in what was believed as a secure room. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act also known as HIPAA, was passed on August 21, 1996. Although the lawRead MoreImproving The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act 20101206 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Healthcare is paramount to the life of an individual. Health systems, costs and outcomes play a vital role in the determination of whether a nation is striving towards maintaining and protecting its citizens. USA operates under the mixed market healthcare system whereby both the government and private sector play a role in the provision of health services. It is evident that the private sector plays a larger role than the government. The USA aims at attaining three forms of healthcareRead MoreBiosimilar Drug Case Study957 Words   |  4 Pagesdedicated by FDA for the expedition of the evaluation process for the biosimilar organic products (Messer, 2017). Notably, these products are essential as they offer life-altering or life-changing benefits at a lower cost to the patients. Therefore, the provision is building on the development of the biosimilar products and support guidance for the developers (Tingle, 2017). Significantly, fees for the biosimilar biological products will be eva luated once per product in each fiscal year whereby it shall generateRead MoreDifferences And Impvantages Better Services1143 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter services and to help me test my hypothesis about the positive externalities generated. From the survey, about 50% of the patients I surveyed at the hospital thought that the UK health care system does not work efficiently and this is because of the NHS having to deal with many problems and the government failing to allocate funds efficiently. Many of the patients believed that the NHS should be manged more like a private sector. While most economist accept inevitability of public funding

The Animal Protection Association (APA) - 600 Words

The Animal Protection Association (APA) is a organization that focuses on bringing animals and people together. The APA provides adoptions, shelters and care, and lost and found assistance for animals that have been abused by previous owners, who are stray, or are lost. They also provide educational services to educate the public on animal welfare. The APA meets the criteria for an impactful organization because it is a nonprofit organization and it has many different spread out locations so you can help no matter where you are. Although the APA is not open 24 hours a day i still believe it is an impactful organization because they have a number on their website that you call if you found a dog or cat, and they also have a website where†¦show more content†¦This way the APA can make sure that they help many animals no matter where they were found. This also helps the animals because more people may end up going to adopt the animals if they know that there is a location close to where they live, making it easier to take them home or find them, if they get lost. The APA is impactful because they know that many people will be more likely to volunteer or adopt if they have a location near them. Based on the criteria i made up a organization should be open 24 hours a day for it to be impactful, but this one is not. Although the APA is not open 24 hours a day they are still impactful because they still have other ways for you to contact them. The APA has a part of their website dedicated to lost and found pets. The APA does not go and find the animals that need help, so you have to bring the animals to their facilities, but they are not always open. So on the APA website they have a number that you can call if you find animals while the APA facilities are closed. They also have a blog you can post on if you lost your dog so you may have a better chance at finding it. The APA understands that animals are not only hurt in the working hours but also at night w hen their facility is closed, that is why the Animal Protection Association is an impactful organization. The APA meets the criteria for an impactful organizationShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation And The Early Greek Era1716 Words   |  7 PagesYuritza Vargas-Gomez Ms. Thomas ENC 1101 9 November 2015 Animal Experimentation: We Owe It to Them Animal Experimentation has been dated as far back as to the Early Greek Era. This practice has been viewed as ethical by research scientists trying to find new medical breakthroughs. Yet, in recent years, the use of animals in research and experimentation has been frowned upon by animal protection groups and animal rights activists. Animals are protected by certain guidelines and ethics prior to theirRead MoreInformed Consent Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesguidelines or standards used by researchers when setting up a study. Ethical research studies abide by the guidelines set up by the American Psychological Association (APA). They need to understand concept of risk to benefit ratio. One of the ethical guidelines explored in this paper is informed consent and the impact on psychological research. Under the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, section 8.02 explains informed consent. Research is important but guidelines are necessaryRead MoreBiology : Study Of Living Organisms And Is Characterized As A Science1667 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat way of figuring out whether an article is academic or not is by making sure it has been reviewed by professionals in that field. The second important database mentioned is Medline, which entire first page is set up to choose exactly the age, animal, and even sex of the organism one wishes to research about, as well as the subject, publication type, journal, and date range of the articles one wishes to find. This is helpful for the reason that biology is a very broad subject that is changingRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Animal Welfare Movement Essay1727 Words   |  7 Pagesmurdering innocent animals for medical research and cosmetics is immoral. Public policy establishing the animal welfare movement began in Great Britain with the passage stating an act in 1835 to consolidate and amend the several laws relating to the cruelty and improper treatment of animals. In 1911 the Parliament passed the â€Å"Protection of Animals Act, and it is still enforced currently. This policy was established while permitting humans to use animals as test subjects, but making animals suffer in thisRead MoreOutline Template for Apa Guidelines1075 Words   |  5 Pageschoose â€Å"Save As† in the File menu and provide a new name. (This will preserve the original file and its sample.) For Bibliography entries, you can choose (from the Style drop-down menu at the top of the screen) either the â€Å"MLA Entry† style or the â€Å"APA Entry† style. (See Chapter 6 in the text for details.) For an explanation of the different parts of an outline, see Chapter 12 in the text. Banning Jet Skis Viviana Morello |General Purpose: Read MoreEssay about The Case for Gay Marriage1673 Words   |  7 Pagesand the Constitution to provide strong arguments for the legalization of gay marriage. They have clearly demonstrated that the suppression of marriage between two homosexuals is an encroachment on the Separation of Church and State, the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment, and one’s Pursuit of Happiness. To begin, the argument most commonly expressed by the opposition to gay marriage is that marriage, to most Americans, is defined as a union between one man and one woman, sanctionedRead MoreEthics in Research Psychology Essay1809 Words   |  8 Pagesresearch projects, it is easy to be swept away by the thrill of new knowledge. There may be the temptation to employ methods that could become ethically muddy and ambiguous. The psychologist whose research is designed and conducted involving human or animal participants, is bound to honour and protect the participants from harm. There is the possibility that delicate issues focusing on the standard of conduct and the morality of methods may become apparent. To ensure that a researcher’s enthusiasm forRead Morehomosexuality: a mental disorder?4366 Words   |  18 PagesFor instance, when female rats are administered male hormones pre-natally, they exhibit male sexual behaviour during adulthood. Similarly, when male rats are pre-natally administered a steroid drug to counteract the self-produced male hormone, the animals exhibit female sexual behaviour. Some scientists have extrapolated these observations to humans and have theorised that homosexuality may originate due to similar pre-natal hormonal derangements. However, the rodent model of human homosexualRead MoreEssay about Australian Aborigines2537 Words   |  11 Pagesreserve was church or government run, the aboriginal people who were situated there were regimented and severely punished if they did not obey the rules. Aborigines in 1900 had been stripped of their former way of life and were treated like ignorant animals and slaves. The lack of humanitarian care in the aborigines’ situation was encouraged by the common held view in society that the aborigines were a dying race. Drawing from the Darwin theory, white society believed that extinction of the AboriginesRead More Greenwashing in Media Essay2726 Words   |  11 Pages‘energy efficient’, and ‘clean’ to expose a broad range of products or services. The American Psychological Association (APA) found that, â€Å"when it comes to chic trends, eco-friendly ‘green’ is definitely the new ‘black’. On your weekly trip to the supermarket it’s easy to find a number of products, from coffee to dishwashing soap, that flaunt their green attributes† (American Psychological Association, 2010). With such rumors of greenwashing, consumers are more confused than ever. However, some consumers

Book Review Kill A Mockingbird - 1668 Words

Courtney Roeder Professor Carmel Classics of the 20th Century 1 June 2015 To â€Å"Kill a Mockingbird† was written during the 1930s which was a very rough time for American history the country was going through turmoil of the Great Depression which had a huge impact on how people reacted towards each other. The novel is about memories that Scout has about her past and then she relays her memories to us. This story being told through her gives us a viewpoint from innocents. In the story a black man named Tom Robinson is being accused of a crime that he clearly did not do. Though we know he did not do it he was brought to trial because he was black and the people were too scared to side with him because of his race and were worried about what others would think about them. It seemed like no matter what he was in situation that he would not be able to win against. Luckily for him he had Atticus was on his side to help prove that he was not guilty. This story reflects on the discrimination of blacks, the social class and women’s righ ts. We get to see the story unfold through the eyes of a young innocent girl named Scout. The 1930s was a time of discrimination against the African Americans, the lower class, and women. The blacks were harassed and taunted by the white people no matter the age or gender. During the 1930s the Klu Klux Klan was started and was made up of white extremist who did whatever they could to taunt and degrade the black race. Along with the extremist some ofShow MoreRelatedBook Review : Harper Kill A Mockingbird 3913 Words   |  16 PagesCheyenne Clough Mrs.Snipes English 4 H Per. 7 1 June 2015 To Kill A Mockingbird Study Guide Chapter 1-3 : (Character Chart) Jean (Scout) Louise is telling the story from a child’s perspective and helping learning how to be a proper young lady and understand what will happen later in the future. The story took place during the Great Depression in a fictional old town, Maycomb, ALabama. The kids met Dill in Maycomb when he comes and visits his Aunt Rachel, which happens to be their neighbor only duringRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1577 Words   |  7 Pages To Kill a Mockingbird: To Kill a Mockingbird revolves around the time period of the 1930’s in the Southern part of the United States. The protagonist of this story is Scout, a tomboy, who narrates the story from her perspective when she is older. (She was part of this story herself from ages 6-9). The first many chapters of the book is about Scout’s life in school, and how she grows up in her neighborhood streets. She spends her days with her father, Atticus Finch. The main topic and climax ofRead MoreTheme Of To Kill A Mockingbird1699 Words   |  7 Pages The Pureness of Mockingbirds In 1960, Harper Lee published one of the most controversial books of our time. To kill a mockingbird contains three debatable themes; racism, good and evil, and morals. Harper Lee uses three children and rape trial to portray these topics. These themes are present throughout the story of a small Alabama town divided over a rape trial including an African American man and a young white girl. Lee’s novel is still disputed over to this day. One of the book’s centralRead MoreAnalysis Of Kill A Mockingbird, By George W. Bush1376 Words   |  6 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird is still relevant today To Kill a Mockingbird is a common household name. It’s one of the most famous pieces of literature. George W. Bush says To Kill a Mockingbird is â€Å"a meditation on family, human complexity and some of the great themes of American life. At a critical moment in our history, Mockingbird helped focus the nation on the turbulent struggle for equality.† (Wayne, pg. 1) President Bush couldn’t have been more right, To Kill a Mockingbird is a timeless classic,Read MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Racism Analysis1348 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee wrote, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† during a racial period in her home state of Alabama. This was when the South was still segregated, forcing blacks to use separate facilities apart from those used by whites. The Civil Rights movement started to become more active when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955. During this period, Martin Luther King, Jr., became the leader of the movem ent, and the issue began to gain serious national attention. This isRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Critical Analysis1476 Words   |  6 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird is a popular literary title. It’s one of the most famous pieces of literature. George W. Bush says that the book is â€Å"a meditation on family, human complexity, and some of the great themes of American life. At a critical moment in our history, Mockingbird helped focus the nation on the turbulent struggle for equality.† (Wayne, pg. 1) President Bush could not have been more right, To Kill a Mockingbird is a timeless classic, with themes that are still relevant in today’s worldRead MoreWhat Makes a Classic?1074 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Classic† is a term used to describe many things, such as a defining moment or a memorable book. When a book is described as a classic, it persuades new readers to discover why it is so memorable to those who have read it before them. Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, published in 1960, is a common example of a literary classic, studied in classrooms all over the world today. Peace Like a River is a newer novel by Leif Enger, one that may very well become a classic in the future. It is an immenselyRead MoreKill A Mocking Bird By Harper Lee Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesTo Kill a Mocking Bird is a written narrative by Harper Lee. The story is a linked sequence of conflict as seen through the eyes of a little girl named Scout. It looks back at a time when social injustice of prejudice was prevalent. The story if full of interesting characters, some good and some bad, but each very important to the plot of the story. It is very important to understand each of character’s views and the plot of the story as it plays an important role in the overall theme of the storyRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird1286 Words   |  6 PagesTo Kill A Mockingbird Essay Reading broadens our minds and touches our hearts. It creates greater understanding and compassion in the reader through its characters and themes. Write an essay that addresses the ideas expressed in this statement with reference to your class novel. â€Å"You never really understand a person, until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.† With over 30 million copies sold worldwide and claiming title to the prestigious Pulitzer Prize, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† isRead MoreCourage Against Social Prejudice898 Words   |  4 Pagespeople were considered unequal compared to white people resulting in mistreatment and abuse. Harper Lee, the author of To Kill a Mockingbird, displays her opinion about social inequality through a variety of different characters who exhibit courage through everyday life. In Lee’s novel, one character, Mrs. Maudie who is a friend to Jem and Scout explains the meaning of a mockingbird as the following: â€Å"they don’t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us† (Lee, 1960, p.90). These characters, such

The Acquisition And Integration Of Zanussi Free Essays

The acquisition of different companies always indicates a change for both the acquiring and the acquired organisation and the people within. To successfully combine and integrate Elektrolux and Zanussi it is essential to consider both organisations ´ formal and informal structures which are heavily influenced by their culture. Culture develops on the one hand nationwide but also specifically in an organisation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Acquisition And Integration Of Zanussi or any similar topic only for you Order Now Building up trust is important to develop a working informal network, which supports the formal structure. Thus positive influence is taken on the selected behaviour of people within what Breton and Wintrobe call â€Å"bureaucracies†. This behaviour is characteristically competitive, especially in such times of major change. This change should be managed step-by-step and is described by Quinn as logical incrementalism. It builds â€Å"the seeds of understanding, identity, and commitment into the very processes† (Quinn, p145) and is the underlying strategy which makes integration successful. After Elektrolux announced the acquisition of Zanussi, both organisations and people within were confronted with many changes which created tensions or misfits that called for new visions.(Normann in Quinn, p99) As a first step, mission values and guiding principles of Zanussi were made public to the employees in the Mission Statement.(Exhibit 3 in Case Study, p914) From the bottom-up they should understand step-by-step in a learning process (Normann in Quinn, p99) what behaviour was generally expected and correct. Bennis and others (in Quinn, p101) also agree that â€Å"programs to achieve significant change must be phased and largely undertaken bottom up, but the legitimacy of alternatives must be affirmed by the support of key people at the top.† Besides the new Mission Statement, education and training programmes were undertaken to diffuse the new philosophy and policy. Thus the rules for building up an effective network are made visible. This network supports the formal structure. Breton and Wintrobe also assume that â€Å"relationships between superiors and subordinates in bureaus are generally governed by exchange and trade and not by the giving of orders and directives.† Exchange can only take place, if property rights are existing and are supported by â€Å"trust† (Breton and Wintrobe, p4) Trust is essential for the functioning of networks and has to be built up incrementally. One effective way of building up trust is by making â€Å"symbolic moves† (q,111). In addition to this, the â€Å"most important changes are often those which signal a change in attitude at the top of an organisation.† (Riccardo and Cafiero in Quinn, p112). Elektrolux made extensive use of these symbolic moves. One was that Elektrolux took over several prior commitments of Zanussi, although they were considered as disadvantageous for the joint strategy (Case, p900). Right after signing the final agreement, the complete Zanussi top-management was released. Replacing only one senior manager below the top-management, Elektrolux ´s purpose was to give a clear signal of the need to change working practices. To communicate these changes, Mr. Rossignolo was seen as the perfect change agent, because he is Italian and knows the Swedish organisation culture. But he also had to build up trust with the Italians, who considered him closer to Sweden than Italy. In respond to this attitude, an external consultant was brought in. As Mr. Estes says, â€Å"you don ´t try to ram your conclusions down people†s throats. You try to persuade people what has to be done and provide confidence and leadership for them.†(Quinn, p136) By this Mr. Rossignolo set a sign that he does not want to take one party†s side, but that he is neutral and therefore he increased the Italian ´s trust in his person. According to the mission statement, Elektrolux central value is â€Å"transparency†, or openness. To integrate this in Zanussi ´s culture was one of the major tasks the Swedish had to achieve. Conflicts were part of the Italian†s daily life. Seniority and loyalty to individuals were seen as more important than competence or commitment to the company. They were also not convinced of need for change and thought financial problems were due to former owners mistakes. The Italians feared loosing their power not only to another company, but even worse to one from a foreign culture. In response to this attitude, Hans Werthen set a sign to the Italians when he said:† We are not buying companies in order to close them down, but to turn them into profitable ventures†¦ and we are not Vikings, who were Norwegians, anyway.† (Case, p901) Impressively, he demonstrated that openness is a practical part of the new culture. With the same openness, Elektrolux gained the trust of the important Unions, who have a high influence in the Italian organisation culture. Without the approval of the Unions, it would have been difficult to take over Zanussi. Openness is a general Elektrolux attitude, but as Quinn describes, there are â€Å"sound political or informational reasons for not announcing a strategy in its full pristine glory at this early stage.† Although not very glorious for the workers, it can be assumed that Elektrolux knew very well that they would have to make redundancies, because no acquisition can be made without. But as â€Å"effective change managers [they] recognise[d] the impact their incremental decisions and action patterns have on credibility [†¦] and tried to keep in mind the symbolic implications each individual act had.† (Quinn, p118) Elektrolux solved the central problem of redundancies incrementally. Their plan was to gain the trust of the Unions by promising not to make any redundancies to successfully acquire Zanussi without opposition of the Unions. Having one foot in the door, they could start making redundancies step-by-step. They took into account that their credibility would suffer negatively proportional to announced redundancies. Although this strategy was accompanied by some strikes and heavy re-negotiations, they still had reached their goal, which was to acquire Zanussi. Although the problems with the Unions had negative impact on Elektrolux reputation, generally it can be said that they effectively communicated their openness and in turn gained trust by the unions and the Italians. Therefore, building up trust is essential when integrating the two companies. Breton and Wintrobe suggest that â€Å"selective behaviour† (p6) is next to trust a second issue in organisational bureaucracy. The subordinates chose from a range of behaviour which reaches from always inefficient to always efficient. Therefore, selective behaviour is the outcome of a trading process, where the outcome is determined by the price offered by superiors for efficient informal services. As example for this serve the front-line managers and professional employees of Zanussi, which fully approved the change in the organisation and demanded a higher degree of involvement. They were rewarded with a special training programme. Building teams and task forces, positively influenced the selected behaviour of the people within the new organisation in several ways and helped to integrate both cultures. As one CEO (in Quinn, p139) said: â€Å"If good people share the same values, they will instinctively act together. We must know how people will respond intuitively when they are thousands of miles away. [†¦] If we [†¦] communicate openly, our actions will be sensible and cohesive.† As Leif Johannsson describes, they â€Å"were able to adopt a completely new way of thinking [†¦] which emerged from the discussions and recommendations of the task forces [†¦]† (Case, p908) The Italians welcomed the â€Å"exchanges, and have learnt a lot from them.† (Case, p911) And as the change agent Rossignolo said: â€Å"We adopted the Swedish work ethic.† (Case, p 907). â€Å"The selection of key people was clearly the most important single ingredient[†¦]† (Quinn, p138) and furthermore, â€Å"the power interactions among key players is important. Each player has a different level of formal authority, referent power, information control and personal credibility.† Quinn describes the process of â€Å"partial consensus† (Q132) which is achieved first within groups and then introduced into organisation. Therefore and according to the Swedish style, the top management of Zanussi was replaced and put together into teams with the Swedish top managers. It was important to build first at this level a mutual understanding, later also on other levels. With the formal meetings, the managers from both cultures were forced to communicate systematically. Later they brought lower level executives into strategic processes on a more comprehensive basis.† (Quinn, p140) This was in response to the increasing demand of the line people to get involved, and also to make them â€Å"know how we are planning to get where we are going.† (General Motors executive in Quinn, p140). Looking more specific at the strategy in selecting the key personnel and the distribution of power in the organisation leads to what Breton and Wintrobe call the â€Å"bureaucratic competition† (p8). They describe competition within and between bureaus and also for network ties as characteristically for organisations. As example for the notion of competition serves the problem which arouse with the middle management. According to the Swedish acquisition style, the top management is replaced, but the middle management kept. Zanussi ´s acquisition strategy is exactly the opposite. Being accustomed to an authoritarian style, the Italians had to adopt Elektrolux ´ democratic and decentralised decision making policy. The lower management appreciated the new possibilities of promotion and therefore demanded higher involvement. They are like the top-management at the end of the organisational hierarchy and can only gain influence. The top-management, naturally to their competition for control, appreciated that they had not â€Å"a single Swedish manager imposed on top.† Whereas the middle management feared the loss of control over their subordinates and property rights. To trigger the competition in the middle management, Elektrolux established direct communication between the top managers and the front-line managers, by-passing the middle management when necessary. Plus, they launched the special training programmes for them. Again, they wanted to set a signal and to stimulate the middle managers ´ competition for membership in networks. At the end of the Case Study (p 911), a senior manager of Zanussi was concerned, that the middle management may be more bureaucratic and less open† and that they â€Å"must develop bridges at the middle and [he frankly does] not know how easy or difficult that may be.† The middle managers felt threatened by the change and the by-passing enforced this feeling. It is difficult to build up trust in such a position. Therefore to â€Å"avoid undercutting intermediate managers, such bypassing must [†¦] be limited to information gathering, with no implication that orders or approvals are given directly to lower levels. [†¦] Line managers are less tempted to screen information when they know bypass channels are operating.† (Q, p106) As described in the case and mentioned before, â€Å"lower levels are also stimulated by the possibility that they may be able to â€Å"talk to the very top†Ã¢â‚¬  (Q, p106), which can be seen as positive integration effect of the by-passing strategy. As second example, the longstanding competition between Elektolux and Zanussi in the sales and marketing division conjured several integration problems in the common organisation. Both sides were unsatisfied with the new strategy in this sector which attacked the power position of the managers. It can be argued that the change of power structure was to quickly and normally â€Å"major strategic changes tended to take many years to accomplish.†. (Q, p133) Psychological commitment of and control over the sales and management departments were not advanced enough to integrate the strategy. â€Å"There [are] too many unknowables in the total environment for managers to program or control† (Quinn, p121) To respond to such unforeseen issues, which can arise internally or externally, the firm has to remain flexible. (according to Quinn, p122). Elektrolux responded to the question of flexibility with a small corportate headquarter, decentralised subsidiaries, few hierarchy levels and task forces. As there is no â€Å"standard method for treating acquisitions† (Case, p896) it allows Elektrolux to respond to the individual circumstances in Zanussi very effectively. As conclusion can be said, that the successful integration of the Swedish and Italian cultures has to be undertaken incrementally. Trust and openess are the key for gaining a mutual understanding and commitment to the joint company. With team working, symbolic actions and extensive communication it is possible to integrate not only the organisations but also the individuals. All this helps to build up a network, which supports the formal structure. Mr. Rossignolo ´s statement that the Italians † adopted the Swedish work ethic† (Case, p907) is similar to Leif Johansson ´s, who said that the Swedish â€Å"adopted a completely new way of thinking.† (Case, p908) and shows that the merger of Elektrolux and Zanussi was in respect of culture and exchange successfully. How to cite The Acquisition And Integration Of Zanussi, Essay examples

Of custom and education Essay Example For Students

Of custom and education Essay Mens thoughts, are much according to their inclination; their discourse and speeches, according to their learning and infused opinions; but their deeds, are after as they have been accustomed. And therefore, as Machiavel well noteth though in an evil-favored instance, there is no trusting to the force of nature, nor to the bravery of words, except it be corroborate by custom. His instance is, that for the achieving of a desperate conspiracy, a man should not rest upon the fierceness of any mans nature, or his resolute undertakings; but take such an one, as hath had his hands formerly in blood. But Machiavel knew not of a Friar Clement, nor a Ravillac, nor a Jaureguy, nor a Baltazar Gerard; yet his rule holdeth still, that nature, nor the engagement of words, are not so forcible, as custom. Only superstition is now so well advanced, that men of the first blood, are as firm as butchers by occupation; and votary resolution, is made equipollent to custom, even in matter of blood. In other things, the predominancy of custom is everywhere visible; insomuch as a man would wonder, to hear men profess, protest, engage, give great words, and then do, just as they have done before; as if they were dead images, and engines moved only by the wheels of custom. We see also the reign or tyranny of custom, what it is. The Indians I mean the sect of their wise men lay themselves quietly upon a stock of wood, and so sacrifice themselves by fire. Nay, the wives strive to be burned, with the corpses of their husbands. The lads of Sparta, of ancient time, were wont to be scourged upon the altar of Diana, without so much as queching. I remember, in the beginning of Queen Elizabeths time of England, an Irish rebel condemned, put up a petition to the deputy, that he might be hanged in a withe, and not in an halter; because it had been so used, with former rebels. There be monks in Russia, for penance, that will sit a whole night in a vessel of water, till they be engaged with hard ice. Many examples may be put of the force of custom, both upon mind and body. Therefore, since custom is the principal magistrate of mans life, let men by all means endeavor, to obtain good customs. Certainly custom is most perfect, when it beginneth in young years: this we call education; which is, in effect, but an early custom. So we see, in languages, the tongue is more pliant to all expressions and sounds, the joints are more supple, to all feats of activity and motions, in youth than afterwards. For it is true, that late learners cannot so well take the ply; except it be in some minds that have not suffered themselves to fix, but have kept themselves open, and prepared to receive continual amendment, which is exceeding rare. But if the force of custom simple and separate, be great, the force of custom copulate and conjoined and collegiate, is far greater. For there example teacheth, company comforteth, emulation quickeneth, glory raiseth: so as in such places the force of custom is in his exaltation. Certainly the great multiplication of virtues upon human nature, resteth uponsocieties well ordained and disciplined. For commonwealths, and good governments, do nourish virtue grown, but do not much mend the deeds. But the misery is, that the most effectual means, are now applied to the ends, least to be desired.

Simplifying Expressions free essay sample

Include in this paper I have demonstrated the following solutions for the three problems listed below. Using th given vocabulary words I have broken down each problem using the proper steps in solving the algebraic expressions. Also shown will be what is important about real numbers and in what way they are useful in using real numbers in solving algebraic expressions. By breaking down the equation you can simplify the equation down to lowest terms. Gathering the like terms in the equation is a step in breaking down the expression correctly. Take the coefficient and multiply it by the variable. The distributive property in the expression is the letters in the expression. When solving a algebraic expression you always remove the parenthesis first. A. )2a(-5 + a) + 4(a + -5) Simplify the terms (-5 * 2a + a * 2a) + 4(a + -5) (-10a + 2a2) + 4(a + -5) -10a + 2a2 + 4(-5 + a)Reorder the terms -10a + 2a2 + (-5 * 4 + a * 4) -10a + 2a2 + (-20 + 4a) -10a + 4a = -6a -20 + -6a + 2a2 Combine the like terms : -20 + -6a + 2a2 a = 5This is the simplified answer  a = {-2, 5} B. We will write a custom essay sample on Simplifying Expressions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) 2w – 3 + 3(w – 4) – 5(w – 6)The given expression -3 + -12 + 30 + 2w + 3w + -5w The distributive property removes the parentheses. -15 + 30 + 2w + 3w + -5w Combine the like terms 15 + 2w + 3w + -5w = 0Combine the like terms 2w + 3w = 5wCombine like terms again 15 + 5w + -5w 5w + -5w 15 + 0 15 = 0The final answer C. ) 0. 05(0. 3m + 35n) + -0. 8(-0. 09n + -22m) (0. 3m * 0. 05 + 35n * 0. 05) + -0. 8(-0. 09n + -22m) (0. 015m + 1. 75n) + -0. 8(-0. 09n + -22m) 0. 015m + 1. 75n + -0. 8(-22m + -0.09n) Reorder the terms 0. 015m + 1. 75n + (-22m * -0. 8 + -0. 09n * -0. 8) 0. 015m + 1. 75n + (17. 6m + 0. 072n) 0. 015m + 17. 60. 1034345728n m + 1. 75n + 0. 072n The distributive property removes the parentheses 0. 015m + 17. 6m = 17. 615mCombine the like terms 17. 615m + 1. 75n + 0. 072n 1. 75n + 0. 072n = 1. 822nCombine the like terms 17. 615m + 1. 822n 17. 615m + 1. 822n Solving Move all terms containing m to the left, all other terms to the right. Add -1. 822n to each side of the equation. 17.615m + 1. 822n + -1. 822n = 0 + -1. 822n Combine like terms: 1. 822n + -1. 822n = 0. 000 17. 615m + 0. 000 = 0 + -1. 822n 17. 615m = 0 + -1. 822n Remove the zero: 17. 615m = -1. 822n Divide each side by 17. 615. m = -0. 1034345728n Simplifying m = -0. 1034345728n How are the real numbers useful in solving algebraic expressions? The real number line is a graph that is used to represent the set of real numbers. Using real numbers is useful by charting them on the graph helps to solve the algebraic expression.